The Second Vatican Council was the most important event in the Roman Catholic Church in the twentieth century. In line with Pope John XXIII's desire for aggiornamento it searched for ways to enable the Church to meet the challenges of the times and thus prepare a future for Christian faith and life. This search for renewal met with opposition during the Council and its reception process up to the current day. In this volume authors known for their research on and familiarity with the Council's history and its reception reflect on the (non-)reception of Vatican II in the Roman Catholic Church. Paying attention to both the wishes of the majority of the Council fathers and the often blocked implementation of their decisions during the post-Vatican II period, they make clear that the freedom of speech that existed during the Council soon was put aside, partly because those who where opposed to the conciliar developments remained in charge after the Council. At the same time, the contributors to this volume are of the opinion that Vatican II and its texts continue to offer much inspiration for the life of the faithful today. According to Leo Declerck, Etienne Fouilloux, Peter Hunermann, Joseph Komonchak, Mathijs Lamberigts, Nicholas Lash, Gilles Routhier, and Christoph Theobald, "Gaudium et spes" thus continue to prevail over grief and anxiety, too often used as instruments for a 'revision' of Vatican II. This book offers both keen insights into the history of the Council and its intuitions, and the contested but still needed implementation of it.